Andrii PYLYPIUK.

FACTORS OF ONTOGENESIS, TYPIFICATION, AND PATTERNS OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HELICTITES FORMATIONS IN SYSTEM OF GYPSUM CAVES ATLANTYDA-KYIANKA.

Key concepts and terminology of secondary formations that have a winding geometrical shape in gypsum caves of Podilia are examined in the paper. Definitions of two most commonly used formations, “helictite” and “antodit” are specified. We also revealed key distinctions between such secondary formations as anemolit, helihmit, tremahmit, antolit and others. The shape and typical morphology of helictites are described. Mechanism of growth and formation of winding eccentric caves’ formations is defined. Paper clarified the average size of helictits in gypsum caves of Ukraine and the biggest of them are described in more details. We reveal the main factors of the curvature of helictites. They are obstructed and corked main channel, the influence of air flows, differences in the composition of the impurities of feeding products and irregularity of their transfer to the central capillary. We suggested that biological factor could also be important in a situation when roots of trees at the roof are fouling by carbonaceous material. At the same time, the main factor of antodits growth is a different speed of the growth of parallel fibrous aggregates. We also located the places of the biggest concentration of helictite formations in studied caves system Atlantyda-Kyianka. Different approaches to typologies of helictite formations are analyzed, and their pros and cons are defined. As a result of the field work, we tried to adapt typology of secondary formation in Podolia caves to international typologies. Due to the variety of the morphological forms of the analyzed secondary formations, it is not possible to fully define and posit them in current typological schemes. Therefore, author’s typology of antodits formations in Podilia gypsum caves based on field research in caves system Atlantyda-Kyianka is presented. For the comparison, the author takes Balkan caves helictite formations and reveals their considerable differences in chemical composition and nature of growth. In the paper, the most salient of the examples are described in details. Demonstrates illustrations are done by the author and were made on the basis of real examples of secondary formations from a system of caves Atlantyda-Kyianka. Schematically the model of growth of different finely fibrous aggregates on the same lithological basis. Author’s samples of helictits from Ukrainian caves are shown and also based on a study of mineralogical collections in Ukrainian geological and natural museums. Author accentuates the importance of monitoring of helictits in karst caves for the purposes of the prevention of their destruction by human factor and rational approach to the planning of recreational paths in caves.

Keywords: helictites, antodits, gypsum, secondary formations, caves’ flowers.

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